I. Application Letter
Based on advertisement on kompas, Saturday april 16th 2011, PT. indofood needs employee in marketing appropriate in this major, along with it,
Name : Ratna Sari
Place, Date of Birth : Semarang, january 10 , 1989
Education : S1
Address : Jl. jembatan 1 condet jakarta
Submit an application to be an employee in marketing. My qualification is appropriate with the requirement. Along with this letter. I hope so that sir / madam can review and consider my application.
That is my application letter submitted. Thank you for your attention.
Best regards,
Ratna Sari
II. Curriculum Vitae (CV)
Personal Details
Full Name : Ratna Sari
Sex : Female
Place, Date of Birth : Semarang, january 10 , 1989
Nationality : Indonesia
Marital Status : Single
Height, Weight : 163 cm, 60 kg
Health : Perfect
Religion : Moslem
Address : Jl. jembatan 1 condet jakarta
Mobile : 081584098023
E-mail : ratnasharie@gmail.com
Educational Background:
1996 - 2001 : al- makmuriah, jakarta
2001 - 2004 : 163 Junior High School, jakarta
2004 - 2007 : yapimda Senior High School, jakarta
2007 - . . .: Management of Economic, University of Gunadarma, Depok
Course & Education
2009 - 2009 : minishop managemeny : merchandising & inventory
2010 - 2010 : export and import
Exercise 37 : Relative Clauses
1. that
2. that
3. whom
4. whom
5. that
6. whom
7. whom
8. whom
9. that
10. that
11. whom
12. that
13. whom
14. that
15. whom
Exercise 38 : Relative clause reduction
1. George is the man chosen to represent the committee at the convention.
2. All of the money accepted has already been released.
3. The papers on the table belong to Patricia.
4. The man brought to the police station confessed to the crime.
5. The girl drinking coffee is Mery Allen.
6. John’s wife, a professor, has written several papers on this subject.
7. The man talking to the policeman is my uncle.
8. The book on the top shelf is the one that I need.
9. The number of students counted is quite high.
10. Leo Evans, a doctor, eats in this restaurant every day.
Minggu, 08 Mei 2011
Minggu, 10 April 2011
Exercise 36 : Causative Verb
1. Leave
2. Repaired
3. to Type
4. Call
5. Painted
6. Write
7. Lie
8. Sent
9. Cut
10. to Sign
11. Leave
12. to Wash
13. Fixed
14. Published
15. Find
2. Repaired
3. to Type
4. Call
5. Painted
6. Write
7. Lie
8. Sent
9. Cut
10. to Sign
11. Leave
12. to Wash
13. Fixed
14. Published
15. Find
Exercise 35 : Passive Voice
1. The President is called by somebody everyday.
2. The others members are being called by John.
3. The document has been delivered by Martha to the departement.
4. The amandement have been repeated by the others members.
5. The information had been received by the delegates before the recess.
2. The others members are being called by John.
3. The document has been delivered by Martha to the departement.
4. The amandement have been repeated by the others members.
5. The information had been received by the delegates before the recess.
Note Taking
three schools of thought management, namely:
1. Classical flow is divided into scientific management and classical organizational theory.
2. The flow of human relationships, referred to as post-classical or neoclassical flow.
3. The flow of modern management.
two management approaches, namely:
1. Approach system
2. Contingency approach
1. Classical flow is divided into scientific management and classical organizational theory.
2. The flow of human relationships, referred to as post-classical or neoclassical flow.
3. The flow of modern management.
two management approaches, namely:
1. Approach system
2. Contingency approach
MEMO
From : Mrs. puty
To : Marketing manajer
Re : Mrs, Sari
as the marketing manager i would like to invite you marketing manager to attend a meeting for increasing market share company in :
monday, 1 April 2011
10.00 - 12.00
I hope you can attend this event.
thank you
To : Marketing manajer
Re : Mrs, Sari
as the marketing manager i would like to invite you marketing manager to attend a meeting for increasing market share company in :
monday, 1 April 2011
10.00 - 12.00
I hope you can attend this event.
thank you
Minggu, 20 Maret 2011
invitation
Dear Comrades alumni,
We intend to invite his friends all at the meeting of Senior High School Alumni OVJ whole force on
Day: Sunday, March 19, 2011
Hours: 10.00 am
Venue: Pavilion Central Java Jakarta Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
Event: silaturrahmi Alumni
The event is free, but for purposes of consumption and admission TMII on responsibility by each invitation.
We strongly expect the presence and active role comrades all to forward this information to all Alumni SMU Negeri good OVJ media melauli email, sms, telephone, blogs, myspace and others for the implementation of these activities.
For further information please contact Sule 021123456
Thank you.
We intend to invite his friends all at the meeting of Senior High School Alumni OVJ whole force on
Day: Sunday, March 19, 2011
Hours: 10.00 am
Venue: Pavilion Central Java Jakarta Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
Event: silaturrahmi Alumni
The event is free, but for purposes of consumption and admission TMII on responsibility by each invitation.
We strongly expect the presence and active role comrades all to forward this information to all Alumni SMU Negeri good OVJ media melauli email, sms, telephone, blogs, myspace and others for the implementation of these activities.
For further information please contact Sule 021123456
Thank you.
1. flat rate :
a. pokok pinjaman = 12,000 =2.000.000
6
b. bunga perbulan = 15% x 12.000.000 = 300.000
6
periode spp pp bunga perbulan angsuran (pp+bp)
1 12 2 jt 300 2,3
2 10 2 jt 300 2,3
3 8 2 jt 300 2,3
4 6 2 jt 300 2,3
5 4 2 jt 300 2,3
6 2 2 jt 300 2,3
12 1,8 jt 13,8
sliding rate :
periode spp pp bunga perbulan angsuran (pp+bp)
1 12 2 jt 15% x 12 jt = 300.000 2.300.000
6
2 10 2 jt 15% x 10 jt = 250.000 2.250.000
6
3 8 2 jt 15% x 8 jt = 200.000 2.200.000
6
4 6 2 jt 15% x 6 jt = 150.000 2.150.000
6
5 4 2 jt 15% x 4 jt = 100.000 2.100.000
6
6 2 2 jt 15% x 2 jt = 50.000 2.050.000
6
2. flat rate :
a. pokok pinjaman = 90.000.000 = 7.500.000
12
b. bunga perbulan = 24% x 90.000.000 = 1.800.000
12
periode spp pp bunga perbulan angsuran (pp+bp)
1 90 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
2 82,5 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
3 75 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
4 67,5 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
5 60 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
6 52,5 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
7 45 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
8 37,5 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
9 30 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
10 22,5 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
11 15 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
12 7,5 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
90 21,6 111,6
sliding rate :
periode spp pp bunga perbulan angsuran (pp+bp)
1 90 7,5 24% x 90 jt = 1.800.000 9.300.000
12
2 82,5 7,5 24% x 82,5 jt = 1.650.000 9.150.000
12
3 75 7,5 24% x 75 jt = 1.500.000 9.000.000
12
4 67,5 7,5 24% x 67,5 jt = 1.350.000 8.850.000
12
5 60 7,5 24% x 60 jt = 1.200.000 8.700.000
12
6 52,5 7,5 24% x 52,5 jt = 1.050.000 8.550.000
12
7 45 7,5 24% x 45 jt = 900.000 8.400.000
12
8 37,5 7,5 24% x 37,5 jt = 750.000 8.250.000
12
9 30 7,5 24% x 30 jt = 600.000 8.100.000
12
10 22,5 7,5 24% x 22,5 jt = 450.000 7.950.000
12
11 15 7,5 24% x 15 jt = 300.000 7.800.000
12
12 7,5 7,5 24% x 7,5 jt = 150.000 7.650.000
12
a. pokok pinjaman = 12,000 =2.000.000
6
b. bunga perbulan = 15% x 12.000.000 = 300.000
6
periode spp pp bunga perbulan angsuran (pp+bp)
1 12 2 jt 300 2,3
2 10 2 jt 300 2,3
3 8 2 jt 300 2,3
4 6 2 jt 300 2,3
5 4 2 jt 300 2,3
6 2 2 jt 300 2,3
12 1,8 jt 13,8
sliding rate :
periode spp pp bunga perbulan angsuran (pp+bp)
1 12 2 jt 15% x 12 jt = 300.000 2.300.000
6
2 10 2 jt 15% x 10 jt = 250.000 2.250.000
6
3 8 2 jt 15% x 8 jt = 200.000 2.200.000
6
4 6 2 jt 15% x 6 jt = 150.000 2.150.000
6
5 4 2 jt 15% x 4 jt = 100.000 2.100.000
6
6 2 2 jt 15% x 2 jt = 50.000 2.050.000
6
2. flat rate :
a. pokok pinjaman = 90.000.000 = 7.500.000
12
b. bunga perbulan = 24% x 90.000.000 = 1.800.000
12
periode spp pp bunga perbulan angsuran (pp+bp)
1 90 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
2 82,5 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
3 75 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
4 67,5 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
5 60 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
6 52,5 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
7 45 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
8 37,5 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
9 30 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
10 22,5 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
11 15 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
12 7,5 7,5 1,8 jt 9,3 jt
90 21,6 111,6
sliding rate :
periode spp pp bunga perbulan angsuran (pp+bp)
1 90 7,5 24% x 90 jt = 1.800.000 9.300.000
12
2 82,5 7,5 24% x 82,5 jt = 1.650.000 9.150.000
12
3 75 7,5 24% x 75 jt = 1.500.000 9.000.000
12
4 67,5 7,5 24% x 67,5 jt = 1.350.000 8.850.000
12
5 60 7,5 24% x 60 jt = 1.200.000 8.700.000
12
6 52,5 7,5 24% x 52,5 jt = 1.050.000 8.550.000
12
7 45 7,5 24% x 45 jt = 900.000 8.400.000
12
8 37,5 7,5 24% x 37,5 jt = 750.000 8.250.000
12
9 30 7,5 24% x 30 jt = 600.000 8.100.000
12
10 22,5 7,5 24% x 22,5 jt = 450.000 7.950.000
12
11 15 7,5 24% x 15 jt = 300.000 7.800.000
12
12 7,5 7,5 24% x 7,5 jt = 150.000 7.650.000
12
Exercise 34 (Page 124)
1. So
2. Such
3. So
4. Such
5. So
6. So
7. Such
8. So
9. Such
10. Such
11. So
12. So
13. Such
14. So
15. So
2. Such
3. So
4. Such
5. So
6. So
7. Such
8. So
9. Such
10. Such
11. So
12. So
13. Such
14. So
15. So
Exercise 33 (Page 121)
1. Because
2. Because
3. Because of
4. Because
5. Because of
6. Because of
7. Because of
8. Because
9. Because
10. Because of
2. Because
3. Because of
4. Because
5. Because of
6. Because of
7. Because of
8. Because
9. Because
10. Because of
Selasa, 22 Februari 2011
Exercise 57: Verbal Idioms (Page: 217)
Answers:
1. Care for
2. Do away with
3. Drop out of
4. Get trough
5. Broke of
6. Held up
7. Drawing up
8. Figure out
9. Keep on
10. Called on
11. Give up
12. Closing in on
13. Look after
14. Came down
15. Take over for
16. Held on to
17. Look into
18. Hand out
19. Check out of
20. Found out
21. Pick out
22. Get by
23. Come along with
24. Pointed out
25. Count on
26. Put off
27. Ran into
28. See about
29. Brought up
30. Passed out
31. Talk over
32. Trying out
33. Turned in
34. Get up
35. Watch out for
1. Care for
2. Do away with
3. Drop out of
4. Get trough
5. Broke of
6. Held up
7. Drawing up
8. Figure out
9. Keep on
10. Called on
11. Give up
12. Closing in on
13. Look after
14. Came down
15. Take over for
16. Held on to
17. Look into
18. Hand out
19. Check out of
20. Found out
21. Pick out
22. Get by
23. Come along with
24. Pointed out
25. Count on
26. Put off
27. Ran into
28. See about
29. Brought up
30. Passed out
31. Talk over
32. Trying out
33. Turned in
34. Get up
35. Watch out for
Eexercise 54: Commonly Misused Words (Page: 202)
1. A beautiful angel adorned their christmas tree.
2. I have your notes here, but I can't find mine.
3. The rescuers were a welcome site for those trapped on the snow covered mountain.
4. Who's supposed to supply the refreshments for tonight's meeting.
5. It is a custom in the United States to eat turkey on Thanks-giving.
6. Whether we drive or fly depends on the length of our vacation.
7. Pasquale is of French descent, but his cousin is English.
8. Dr. Hipple will not be coming to the meeting because he had too many papers to grade.
9. Although my mother never eats dessert, I prefer something sweet.
10. I guess they're not interested because we haven't heard from them.
11. Doris & Marge teach kindergarten; the later works in Putnam.
12. Isaac Asimov's science books are more easily understood than most scientists.
13. The fender on Sean's bike came loose and had to be tightened.
14. Nobody had any stationary, so we had to use notebook paper to write the letter.
15. The hikers had passed many hours waiting to be rescued.
16. Lisa had to quit eating apples after the orthodontist put braces on her teeth.
17. After any war, the world desires a lasting peace.
18. Albert Einstein expressed his principle of relativity.
19. Marcia was quite tired tired after the long walk to class.
20. You must remember to cite your references when you write a paper.
2. I have your notes here, but I can't find mine.
3. The rescuers were a welcome site for those trapped on the snow covered mountain.
4. Who's supposed to supply the refreshments for tonight's meeting.
5. It is a custom in the United States to eat turkey on Thanks-giving.
6. Whether we drive or fly depends on the length of our vacation.
7. Pasquale is of French descent, but his cousin is English.
8. Dr. Hipple will not be coming to the meeting because he had too many papers to grade.
9. Although my mother never eats dessert, I prefer something sweet.
10. I guess they're not interested because we haven't heard from them.
11. Doris & Marge teach kindergarten; the later works in Putnam.
12. Isaac Asimov's science books are more easily understood than most scientists.
13. The fender on Sean's bike came loose and had to be tightened.
14. Nobody had any stationary, so we had to use notebook paper to write the letter.
15. The hikers had passed many hours waiting to be rescued.
16. Lisa had to quit eating apples after the orthodontist put braces on her teeth.
17. After any war, the world desires a lasting peace.
18. Albert Einstein expressed his principle of relativity.
19. Marcia was quite tired tired after the long walk to class.
20. You must remember to cite your references when you write a paper.
Exercise 30: Comparisons (Page: 117)
1. Of the four dresses, i like the red one (best).
2. Phil is the (happiest) person we know.
3. Pat's car is (faster) than Dan's.
4. This is the (creamiest) ice cream i have had in long time.
5. This poster is (more colorful) than the one in the hall.
6. Does Fred feel (better) today than he did yesterday?
7. This vegetable soup tastes very (good).
8. While trying to balance the baskets on her head, the woman walk (more awkwardly) than her
daughter.
9. Jane is the (least) athletic of all the woman.
10. My cat is the (prettier) of the two.
11. This summary is (the best) of the pair.
12. Your heritage is different (from) mine.
13. This painting is (less impressive) than the one in the other gallery.
14. The colder the weather gets, (the sicker) i feel.
15. No sooner had he received the letter (than) he called Maria.
16. A mink coat costs (twice as much as) a sable coat.
17. Jim has a (few) opportunities to play tennis as I.
18. That recipe calls for (much) more sugar than mine does.
19. The museum is the (farthest) away of the three buildings.
20. George Washington is (more famous) than John Jay.
2. Phil is the (happiest) person we know.
3. Pat's car is (faster) than Dan's.
4. This is the (creamiest) ice cream i have had in long time.
5. This poster is (more colorful) than the one in the hall.
6. Does Fred feel (better) today than he did yesterday?
7. This vegetable soup tastes very (good).
8. While trying to balance the baskets on her head, the woman walk (more awkwardly) than her
daughter.
9. Jane is the (least) athletic of all the woman.
10. My cat is the (prettier) of the two.
11. This summary is (the best) of the pair.
12. Your heritage is different (from) mine.
13. This painting is (less impressive) than the one in the other gallery.
14. The colder the weather gets, (the sicker) i feel.
15. No sooner had he received the letter (than) he called Maria.
16. A mink coat costs (twice as much as) a sable coat.
17. Jim has a (few) opportunities to play tennis as I.
18. That recipe calls for (much) more sugar than mine does.
19. The museum is the (farthest) away of the three buildings.
20. George Washington is (more famous) than John Jay.
Exercise 29: Comparisons (Page: 114)
1. The Empire State Building is taller than the Statue of Liberty.
2. California is farther from New York than Pennsylvania.
3. Hi assignment is different from mine.
4. Louie reads more quickly than his sisters.
5. No animal is so big as King Kong.
6. Than report is less impressive than the government's.
7. Sam wears the same shirt as his teammates.
8. Dave paints much more realistically than his professor.
9. The twins have less money at the end of the month than they have at the beginning.
10. Her sports car is different from Nancy's.
2. California is farther from New York than Pennsylvania.
3. Hi assignment is different from mine.
4. Louie reads more quickly than his sisters.
5. No animal is so big as King Kong.
6. Than report is less impressive than the government's.
7. Sam wears the same shirt as his teammates.
8. Dave paints much more realistically than his professor.
9. The twins have less money at the end of the month than they have at the beginning.
10. Her sports car is different from Nancy's.
Exercise 28: Comparisons (Page: 114)
1. John an his friends left as soon as the professor had finished his lecture.
2. His job is more important than his friend's.
3. He plays the guitar as well as Andreas Segovia
4. A new house is much more expensive than an older one.
5. Last week was as hot as this week.
6. Martha is more talented than her cousin.
7. Bill's descriptions are more colorful than this wife's.
8. Nobody is happier than Maria Elena.
9. The boys felt worse than the girls about losing the game.
10. A greyhound runs faster than a Chihuahua.
2. His job is more important than his friend's.
3. He plays the guitar as well as Andreas Segovia
4. A new house is much more expensive than an older one.
5. Last week was as hot as this week.
6. Martha is more talented than her cousin.
7. Bill's descriptions are more colorful than this wife's.
8. Nobody is happier than Maria Elena.
9. The boys felt worse than the girls about losing the game.
10. A greyhound runs faster than a Chihuahua.
Exercise 27: Linking (Copulative) Verbs. (Page: 109)
1. Your cold sounds terrible.
2. The pianist plays very well.
3. The food in the restaurant always tasted good.
4. The campers remained calmly despite the thunderstrom.
5. They became sick after eating the contaminated food.
6. Professor Calandra looked quick at the students sketches.
7. Paco was working diligently on the project.
8. Paul protested vehemently about the new proposals.
9. Our neighbour appeared relaxed after their vacation.
10. The music sounded too noisy to be classical.
2. The pianist plays very well.
3. The food in the restaurant always tasted good.
4. The campers remained calmly despite the thunderstrom.
5. They became sick after eating the contaminated food.
6. Professor Calandra looked quick at the students sketches.
7. Paco was working diligently on the project.
8. Paul protested vehemently about the new proposals.
9. Our neighbour appeared relaxed after their vacation.
10. The music sounded too noisy to be classical.
Exercise 26: Adjective & Adverbs (Page: 107)
1. Rita plays the violin well.
2. That is an intense novel.
3. The sun is shining brightly.
4. The girls speak fluent French.
5. The boys speak Spanish fluently.
6. The table has a smooth surface.
7. We must figure our income tax returns accurately.
8. We don't like to drink bitter tea.
9. The plane will arrive soon.
10. He had an accident because he was driving too fast.
2. That is an intense novel.
3. The sun is shining brightly.
4. The girls speak fluent French.
5. The boys speak Spanish fluently.
6. The table has a smooth surface.
7. We must figure our income tax returns accurately.
8. We don't like to drink bitter tea.
9. The plane will arrive soon.
10. He had an accident because he was driving too fast.
Jumat, 18 Februari 2011
Tugas Bahasa Inggris
Exercise 21: Conditional Sentences (Page: 97-98)
1. Henry talks to his dog as if it understood him.
2. If they had left the house earlier, they wouldn't have been so late getting to the airport that they could not check their baggage.
3. If I finish the dress before Saturday, I will give it to my sister for her birthday.
4. If I had seen the movie, I would had you about it last night.
5. Had bob not interfered in his sister’s marital problems, there would have been peace between them.
6. He would give you the money if he had it.
7. I wish they stopped making so much noise so that I could concentrate.
8. She would call you immediately if she needed help.
9. Had they arrived at the sale early, they would have found a better selection.
10. We hope that you enjoyed the party last night.
11. If you have enough time, please paint the chair before you leave.
12. We could go for a drive if today were Saturday.
13. If she wins the prize, it will be because she writes very well.
14. Mike wished that the editors had permitted him to copy some of their material.
15. Joel wishes that he had spent his vacation on the gulf coast next year.
16. I will accept if they invite me to the party.
17. If your mother buys that car for you, will you be happy.
18. If he had decided earlier, he could have left on the afternoon flight.
19. Had we known your address, we would have written you a letter.
20. If the roofer doesn’t come soon, the rain will leak inside.
21. Because rose did so poorly on the exam, she wishes that she studied harder last night.
22. My dog always wakes me up if he hears strange noises.
23. If you see marry today, please ask her to call me.
24. If he gets the raise, it will be because he does a good job.
25. The teacher will not accept our work if we turn it in late.
26. Mrs. Wood always talks to her tenth-grade student as though they were adults.
27. If he had left already, he would have called us.
28. If they had known him, they would have talked to him.
29. He would understand it if you explained it to him more slowly.
30. I could understand the French teacher if she spoke more slowly.
1. Henry talks to his dog as if it understood him.
2. If they had left the house earlier, they wouldn't have been so late getting to the airport that they could not check their baggage.
3. If I finish the dress before Saturday, I will give it to my sister for her birthday.
4. If I had seen the movie, I would had you about it last night.
5. Had bob not interfered in his sister’s marital problems, there would have been peace between them.
6. He would give you the money if he had it.
7. I wish they stopped making so much noise so that I could concentrate.
8. She would call you immediately if she needed help.
9. Had they arrived at the sale early, they would have found a better selection.
10. We hope that you enjoyed the party last night.
11. If you have enough time, please paint the chair before you leave.
12. We could go for a drive if today were Saturday.
13. If she wins the prize, it will be because she writes very well.
14. Mike wished that the editors had permitted him to copy some of their material.
15. Joel wishes that he had spent his vacation on the gulf coast next year.
16. I will accept if they invite me to the party.
17. If your mother buys that car for you, will you be happy.
18. If he had decided earlier, he could have left on the afternoon flight.
19. Had we known your address, we would have written you a letter.
20. If the roofer doesn’t come soon, the rain will leak inside.
21. Because rose did so poorly on the exam, she wishes that she studied harder last night.
22. My dog always wakes me up if he hears strange noises.
23. If you see marry today, please ask her to call me.
24. If he gets the raise, it will be because he does a good job.
25. The teacher will not accept our work if we turn it in late.
26. Mrs. Wood always talks to her tenth-grade student as though they were adults.
27. If he had left already, he would have called us.
28. If they had known him, they would have talked to him.
29. He would understand it if you explained it to him more slowly.
30. I could understand the French teacher if she spoke more slowly.
Selasa, 04 Januari 2011
ETIKA BISNIS PADA PASAR OLIGOPOLI
Pasar oligopoli adalah adalah pasar di mana penawaran satu jenis barang dikuasai oleh beberapa perusahaan. Umumnya jumlah perusahaan lebih dari dua tetapi kurang dari sepuluh. Dalam pasar oligopoli, setiap perusahaan memposisikan dirinya sebagai bagian yang terikat dengan permainan pasar, di mana keuntungan yang mereka dapatkan tergantung dari tindak-tanduk pesaing mereka. Sehingga semua usaha promosi, iklan, pengenalan produk baru, perubahan harga, dan sebagainya dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menjauhkan konsumen dari pesaing mereka.
Praktek oligopoli umumnya dilakukan sebagai salah satu upaya untuk menahan perusahaan-perusahaan potensial untuk masuk kedalam pasar, dan juga perusahaan-perusahaan melakukan oligopoli sebagai salah satu usaha untuk menikmati laba normal di bawah tingkat maksimum dengan menetapkan harga jual terbatas, sehingga menyebabkan kompetisi harga diantara pelaku usaha yang melakukan praktek oligopoli menjadi tidak ada.
Struktur pasar oligopoli umumnya terbentuk pada industri-industri yang memiliki capital intensive yang tinggi, seperti, industri semen, industri mobil, dan industri kertas. Dalam Undang-undang No. 5 Tahun 1999, oligopoli dikelompokkan ke dalam kategori perjanjian yang dilarang, padahal umumnya oligopoli terjadi melalui keterkaitan reaksi, khususnya pada barang-barang yang bersifat homogen atau identik dengan kartel, sehingga ketentuan yang mengatur mengenai oligopoli ini sebagiknya digabung dengan ketentuan yang mengatur mengenai kartel. Dalam pasar oligopoli biasanya terdapat persaingan-persaingan tidak sehat yang saling menjatuhkan antar produsen hanya untuk mendapatkan konsumen sebanyak-banyaknya tanpa melihat etika berbisnis satu sama lain. Hal tersebut sangat disayangkan karena bila produsen hanya terfokus pada pesaingnya. Maka pelayanan kepada konsumen akan berkurang seiring penetapan kebijakan perusahaan mengenai keunggulan produk tanpa diikuti dengan kualitasnya. Jadi, banyak perusahaan yang mempromosikan proderuknya secara gencar tanpa ada perbaikan mutu sehingga ujung-ujungnya akan merugikan konsumen tersebut.
SUMBER: Sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopoli
Praktek oligopoli umumnya dilakukan sebagai salah satu upaya untuk menahan perusahaan-perusahaan potensial untuk masuk kedalam pasar, dan juga perusahaan-perusahaan melakukan oligopoli sebagai salah satu usaha untuk menikmati laba normal di bawah tingkat maksimum dengan menetapkan harga jual terbatas, sehingga menyebabkan kompetisi harga diantara pelaku usaha yang melakukan praktek oligopoli menjadi tidak ada.
Struktur pasar oligopoli umumnya terbentuk pada industri-industri yang memiliki capital intensive yang tinggi, seperti, industri semen, industri mobil, dan industri kertas. Dalam Undang-undang No. 5 Tahun 1999, oligopoli dikelompokkan ke dalam kategori perjanjian yang dilarang, padahal umumnya oligopoli terjadi melalui keterkaitan reaksi, khususnya pada barang-barang yang bersifat homogen atau identik dengan kartel, sehingga ketentuan yang mengatur mengenai oligopoli ini sebagiknya digabung dengan ketentuan yang mengatur mengenai kartel. Dalam pasar oligopoli biasanya terdapat persaingan-persaingan tidak sehat yang saling menjatuhkan antar produsen hanya untuk mendapatkan konsumen sebanyak-banyaknya tanpa melihat etika berbisnis satu sama lain. Hal tersebut sangat disayangkan karena bila produsen hanya terfokus pada pesaingnya. Maka pelayanan kepada konsumen akan berkurang seiring penetapan kebijakan perusahaan mengenai keunggulan produk tanpa diikuti dengan kualitasnya. Jadi, banyak perusahaan yang mempromosikan proderuknya secara gencar tanpa ada perbaikan mutu sehingga ujung-ujungnya akan merugikan konsumen tersebut.
SUMBER: Sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopoli
ETIKA BISNIS PADA PASAR PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA
ETIKA BISNIS PADA PASAR PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA
Pasar persaingan sempurna terjadi ketika jumlah produsen sangat banyak sekali dengan memproduksi produk yang sejenis dan mirip dengan jumlah konsumen yang banyak.
Pada pasar persaingan sempurna terdapat persaingan yang ketat karena setiap penjual dalam satu wilayah menjual barang dagangannya yang sifatnya homogen. Harga pada pasar persaingan sempurna relatif sama dengan para pesaing usaha lainnya. Konsumen tentu akan memilih produsen yang dinilai mampu memberikan kepuasan. Adapun hal yang menjadi faktor kepuasan itu adalah tingkat pelayanan dan fasilitas-fasilitas penunjang.
Sifat-sifat pasar persaingan sempurna :
1. Mudah untuk masuk dan keluar dari pasar
2. Sulit memperoleh keuntungan di atas rata-rata
3. Barang yang dijual sejenis, serupa dan mirip satu sama lain
4. Jumlah penjual dan pembeli banyak
5. Posisi tawar konsumen kuat
6. Penjual bersifat pengambil harga
7. Harga ditentukan mekanisme pasar permintaan dan penawaran
Ada dua etika yang harus di pegang oleh para pelaku pasar agar pasar selalu dalam kondisi ideal dan fairness, yaitu:
1. Adanya optimasi manfaat barang oleh pembeli dan penjual. Dapat diartikan sebagai pertemuan antara kebutuhan pembeli dengan penawaran barang oleh penjual. Bertemunya dua hal ini, menjadikan barang yang ditransaksikan membawa manfaat, dan menghilangkan kemubadziran dan kesia-siaan.
2. Pasar harus dalam kondisi ekuiblirium. Teori ekonomi mengenal ekuiblirium sebagai titik pertemuan antara demand dan supply. ekuiblirium diartikan sebagai titik pertemuan persamaan hak antara pembeli dan penjual. Hak yang seperti apa Hak pembeli untuk mendapatkan barang dan hak penjual untuk mendapatkan uang yang sepantasnya dari barang yang dijualnya. Dalam konteks hak ini, kewajiban-kewajiban masing-masing pihak harus terpenuhi terlebih dahulu, kewajiban bagi penjual untuk membuat produk yang berkualitas dan bermanfaat dan bagi pembeli untuk membayar uang yang sepantasnya sebagai pengganti harga barang yang dibelinya.
Etika-etika bisnis harus dipegang dan diaplikasikan secara nyata oleh pelaku pasar. Selain itu, setiap negara telah mempersiapkan SDM yang berkualitas yang siap berkompetisi. Mereka bisa menjalin kemitraan guna meningkatkan jumlah produksi dan memenuhi satu sama lain sehingga konsumen akan tertarik untuk mengkonsumsi produk tersebut.
SUMBER :
1. http://organisasi.org/bentuk_bentuk_struktur_pasar_konsumen_persaingan_sempurna_monopolistik_oligopoli_dan_monopoli
2. umber: http://maskhuzam.wordpress.com/2009/04/02/etika-pasar-bebas/
Pasar persaingan sempurna terjadi ketika jumlah produsen sangat banyak sekali dengan memproduksi produk yang sejenis dan mirip dengan jumlah konsumen yang banyak.
Pada pasar persaingan sempurna terdapat persaingan yang ketat karena setiap penjual dalam satu wilayah menjual barang dagangannya yang sifatnya homogen. Harga pada pasar persaingan sempurna relatif sama dengan para pesaing usaha lainnya. Konsumen tentu akan memilih produsen yang dinilai mampu memberikan kepuasan. Adapun hal yang menjadi faktor kepuasan itu adalah tingkat pelayanan dan fasilitas-fasilitas penunjang.
Sifat-sifat pasar persaingan sempurna :
1. Mudah untuk masuk dan keluar dari pasar
2. Sulit memperoleh keuntungan di atas rata-rata
3. Barang yang dijual sejenis, serupa dan mirip satu sama lain
4. Jumlah penjual dan pembeli banyak
5. Posisi tawar konsumen kuat
6. Penjual bersifat pengambil harga
7. Harga ditentukan mekanisme pasar permintaan dan penawaran
Ada dua etika yang harus di pegang oleh para pelaku pasar agar pasar selalu dalam kondisi ideal dan fairness, yaitu:
1. Adanya optimasi manfaat barang oleh pembeli dan penjual. Dapat diartikan sebagai pertemuan antara kebutuhan pembeli dengan penawaran barang oleh penjual. Bertemunya dua hal ini, menjadikan barang yang ditransaksikan membawa manfaat, dan menghilangkan kemubadziran dan kesia-siaan.
2. Pasar harus dalam kondisi ekuiblirium. Teori ekonomi mengenal ekuiblirium sebagai titik pertemuan antara demand dan supply. ekuiblirium diartikan sebagai titik pertemuan persamaan hak antara pembeli dan penjual. Hak yang seperti apa Hak pembeli untuk mendapatkan barang dan hak penjual untuk mendapatkan uang yang sepantasnya dari barang yang dijualnya. Dalam konteks hak ini, kewajiban-kewajiban masing-masing pihak harus terpenuhi terlebih dahulu, kewajiban bagi penjual untuk membuat produk yang berkualitas dan bermanfaat dan bagi pembeli untuk membayar uang yang sepantasnya sebagai pengganti harga barang yang dibelinya.
Etika-etika bisnis harus dipegang dan diaplikasikan secara nyata oleh pelaku pasar. Selain itu, setiap negara telah mempersiapkan SDM yang berkualitas yang siap berkompetisi. Mereka bisa menjalin kemitraan guna meningkatkan jumlah produksi dan memenuhi satu sama lain sehingga konsumen akan tertarik untuk mengkonsumsi produk tersebut.
SUMBER :
1. http://organisasi.org/bentuk_bentuk_struktur_pasar_konsumen_persaingan_sempurna_monopolistik_oligopoli_dan_monopoli
2. umber: http://maskhuzam.wordpress.com/2009/04/02/etika-pasar-bebas/
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